Linuxeden开源社区Smart phones were the new hit many years ago. As a consequence, the programming languages that were used to write mobile applications became very popular as well. The best example of this is Objective-C, which peaked at position 3 in the TIOBE index, whereas it was only used to write apps for iPhones. Nowadays we have the same with data mining and AI. Programming languages in these fields are booming. The most striking example is Python that took over the second position from Java. Even old languages see a revival because of this, like the surge of Fortran. And, even more astonishing, we see Prolog re-entering the top 20 after 15 years… making an unexpected comeback. Prolog is used in IBM’s Watson, one of the most well known AI engines. The only exception to all this is R, which is as opposed to the others, losing some positions. I guess Python is eating R’s market share. Other interesting moves this month are: Rust from position #27 to #24 and Julia from position #35 to #26. Both Rust and Julia are strong candidates for a permanent top 20 position. — Paul Jansen CEO TIOBE Software
The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors. Popular search engines such as Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings. It is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been written.
The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE index can be found here.
| Aug 2021 | Aug 2020 | Change | Programming Language | Ratings | Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 |  |
C | 12.57% | -4.41% | |
| 2 | 3 |  |
 |
Python | 11.86% | +2.17% |
| 3 | 2 |  |
 |
Java | 10.43% | -4.00% |
| 4 | 4 |  |
C++ | 7.36% | +0.52% | |
| 5 | 5 |  |
C# | 5.14% | +0.46% | |
| 6 | 6 |  |
Visual Basic | 4.67% | +0.01% | |
| 7 | 7 |  |
JavaScript | 2.95% | +0.07% | |
| 8 | 9 | |
 |
PHP | 2.19% | -0.05% |
| 9 | 14 |  |
 |
Assembly language | 2.03% | +0.99% |
| 10 | 10 |  |
SQL | 1.47% | +0.02% | |
| 11 | 18 | |
 |
Groovy | 1.36% | +0.59% |
| 12 | 17 | |
 |
Classic Visual Basic | 1.23% | +0.41% |
| 13 | 42 | |
 |
Fortran | 1.14% | +0.83% |
| 14 | 8 |  |
 |
R | 1.05% | -1.75% |
| 15 | 15 |  |
Ruby | 1.01% | -0.03% | |
| 16 | 12 | |
 |
Swift | 0.98% | -0.44% |
| 17 | 16 | |
 |
MATLAB | 0.98% | +0.11% |
| 18 | 11 | |
 |
Go | 0.90% | -0.52% |
| 19 | 36 | |
 |
Prolog | 0.80% | +0.41% |
| 20 | 13 | |
 |
Perl | 0.78% | -0.33% |
Other programming languages
The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at tpci@tiobe.com. Please also check the overview of all programming languages that we monitor.
| Position | Programming Language | Ratings |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | SAS | 0.67% |
| 22 | Delphi/Object Pascal | 0.62% |
| 23 | Objective-C | 0.61% |
| 24 | Rust | 0.56% |
| 25 | Scratch | 0.55% |
| 26 | Julia | 0.51% |
| 27 | Ada | 0.49% |
| 28 | Lisp | 0.47% |
| 29 | Dart | 0.45% |
| 30 | PL/SQL | 0.43% |
| 31 | (Visual) FoxPro | 0.42% |
| 32 | Scala | 0.42% |
| 33 | ABAP | 0.41% |
| 34 | COBOL | 0.37% |
| 35 | Logo | 0.31% |
| 36 | F# | 0.30% |
| 37 | Kotlin | 0.30% |
| 38 | Transact-SQL | 0.27% |
| 39 | Lua | 0.26% |
| 40 | Scheme | 0.24% |
| 41 | Ladder Logic | 0.24% |
| 42 | VBScript | 0.23% |
| 43 | D | 0.23% |
| 44 | Clojure | 0.22% |
| 45 | LabVIEW | 0.22% |
| 46 | Nim | 0.22% |
| 47 | VHDL | 0.21% |
| 48 | Apex | 0.21% |
| 49 | TypeScript | 0.21% |
| 50 | Bash | 0.18% |
The Next 50 Programming Languages
The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages are only listed (in alphabetical order).
- ActionScript, Alice, Arc, Awk, B4X, bc, BCPL, Bourne shell, CFML, CL (OS/400), Clipper, CLIPS, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Elixir, Elm, Forth, Fortress, Haskell, Icon, Inform, Io, J#, Korn shell, LiveCode, Maple, Modula-2, MQL4, MUMPS, NATURAL, NXT-G, Oberon, OCaml, Occam, OpenEdge ABL, PL/I, PostScript, PowerShell, Pure Data, Q, REXX, Ring, RPG, Simulink, Smalltalk, Solidity, SPARK, Stata, Uniface, Xojo
This Month’s Changes in the Index
This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:
- There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be answered. Please be patient.
Very Long Term History
To see the bigger picture, please find below the positions of the top 10 programming languages of many years back. Please note that these are average positions for a period of 12 months.
| Programming Language | 2021 | 2016 | 2011 | 2006 | 2001 | 1996 | 1991 | 1986 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Java | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 18 | – | – |
| Python | 3 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 26 | 24 | – | – |
| C++ | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| C# | 5 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | – | – | – |
| Visual Basic | 6 | 13 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| JavaScript | 7 | 7 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 22 | – | – |
| PHP | 8 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 10 | – | – | – |
| SQL | 9 | – | – | – | 37 | – | – | – |
| Assembly language | 10 | 11 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ada | 31 | 27 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 8 | 5 | 2 |
| Lisp | 34 | 28 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 7 | 8 | 3 |
| (Visual) Basic | – | – | 7 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
There are 2 important remarks here:
- There is a difference between “Visual Basic” and “(Visual) Basic” in the table above. Until 2010, “(Visual) Basic” referred to all possible dialects of Basic, including Visual Basic. After some discussion, it has been decided to split “(Visual) Basic” into all its dialects such as Visual Basic .NET, Classic Visual Basic, PureBasic, and Small Basic, just to name a few. Since Visual Basic .NET has become the major implementation of Visual Basic, it is now called “Visual Basic”.
- The programming language SQL has not been in the TIOBE index for a long time. In 2018, somebody pointed out that SQL is Turing Complete. From that moment on, SQL is part of the TIOBE index. So although this language is very old, it has only a short history in the index.
Programming Language Hall of Fame
The hall of fame listing all “Programming Language of the Year” award winners is shown below. The award is given to the programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.
| Year | Winner |
|---|---|
| 2020 |  Python |
| 2019 | C |
| 2018 | Python |
| 2017 | C |
| 2016 | Go |
| 2015 | Java |
| 2014 | JavaScript |
| 2013 | Transact-SQL |
| 2012 | Objective-C |
| 2011 | Objective-C |
| 2010 | Python |
| 2009 | Go |
| 2008 | C |
| 2007 | Python |
| 2006 | Ruby |
| 2005 | Java |
| 2004 | PHP |
| 2003 | C++ |
Bugs & Change Requests
This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don’t hesitate to send an e-mail to tpci@tiobe.com.
- Apart from “<language> programming”, also other queries such as “programming with <language>”, “<language> development” and “<language> coding” should be tried out.
- Add queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.
- Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.
- Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.
- Some search engines allow to query pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those recently added pages.
转自 https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/